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A physical disability is something that affects how a person’s body works.

It can make it harder for someone to move, walk, or do everyday activities, but they can still do many things — sometimes they just do them in a different way.

A physical disability can be:

  • be mild or severe
  • affect a child or young person's development
  • be hidden.

Every child or young person with a physical disability is unique. Physical disabilities can range from:

  • degenerative conditions
  • trauma (physical and birth)
  • chromosome disorders
  • musculoskeletal conditions
  • limb differences
  • complex medical needs.

Sometimes children are born with a physical disability and this is seen by the doctors in the hospital and they are diagnosed soon after birth but at times a child will not have their physical disability picked up until later. This might mean you see signs of the disability at home before they are recognised by a medical professional.

We have gone into more depth about some physical disabilities below but please remember, you cannot use this information to diagnose your child. Children all develop at different rates and there maybe nothing to worry about. Take your child to their GP or speak to their paediatrician or health visitor if you are worried.

You can search for and read about any conditions we have not covered at NHS.co.uk.

Some early signs of a physical disability could be:

  • has unusually tight muscle tone and resists sitting up or bending the knees
  • has unusually loose muscle tone and cannot hold their head up after about 3 months
  • does not reach for toys
  • has trouble releasing objects voluntarily
  • does not reach across the body during play
  • reaches only with one hand, even when feeding themself
  • doesn’t put hands out to catch themself if falling
  • has poorly developed hand or finger coordination and cannot pick up or hold objects
  • has poor balance or stumbles and trips frequently

Some early signs of a physical disability could be:

  • has unusually tight muscle tone and resists sitting up or bending the knees
  • has unusually loose muscle tone and cannot hold their head up after about 3 months
  • does not reach for toys
  • has trouble releasing objects voluntarily
  • does not reach across the body during play
  • reaches only with one hand, even when feeding themself
  • doesn’t put hands out to catch themself if falling
  • has poorly developed hand or finger coordination and cannot pick up or hold objects
  • has poor balance or stumbles and trips frequently

If your child does not seem to be developing as you expect and you are concerned that you are seeing the early signs of a physical disability observe them carefully for several days. Make a note of what they can do well and where they are having difficulty. This will help you explain your concerns.

Once you are ready, talk to your GP or Health Visitor for an initial assessment and potential referral to specialists like a paediatrician or physiotherapist.

If your child does not seem to be developing as you expect and you are concerned that you are seeing the early signs of a physical disability observe them carefully for several days. Make a note of what they can do well and where they are having difficulty. This will help you explain your concerns.

Once you are ready, talk to your GP or Health Visitor for an initial assessment and potential referral to specialists like a paediatrician or physiotherapist.

Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a condition that a person is born with or gets when they are a baby. It happens when the brain doesn’t grow or develop the usual way. Because of this, the brain has trouble controlling the body’s muscles. This can make it harder for someone to move, stand, or keep their balance. It doesn’t go away, but people with CP can learn ways to make moving easier.
Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a condition that a person is born with or gets when they are a baby. It happens when the brain doesn’t grow or develop the usual way. Because of this, the brain has trouble controlling the body’s muscles. This can make it harder for someone to move, stand, or keep their balance. It doesn’t go away, but people with CP can learn ways to make moving easier.

Muscular dystrophy is a group of conditions that a person is born with because of changes in their genes. These changes make it hard for the body to create certain proteins that muscles need to stay strong and healthy.

Because the muscles don’t get the right proteins, they slowly become weaker over time. This can make things like walking, running, or lifting objects harder as the person gets older. Sometimes it can also affect the muscles used for breathing or the heart.

There isn’t a cure yet, but doctors and therapists have treatments that can help people stay as strong and comfortable as possible.

Symptoms and treatment for muscular dystrophy

Muscular dystrophy is a group of conditions that a person is born with because of changes in their genes. These changes make it hard for the body to create certain proteins that muscles need to stay strong and healthy.

Because the muscles don’t get the right proteins, they slowly become weaker over time. This can make things like walking, running, or lifting objects harder as the person gets older. Sometimes it can also affect the muscles used for breathing or the heart.

There isn’t a cure yet, but doctors and therapists have treatments that can help people stay as strong and comfortable as possible.

Symptoms and treatment for muscular dystrophy

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a condition that some people are born with. It happens because a special gene in their body doesn’t work the way it should.

This gene problem makes the body create thick, sticky mucus instead of the thin, slippery kind that everyone needs. Because the mucus is too thick:

  • In the lungs, it can block airways, making it harder to breathe and causing infections.
  • In the digestive system, it can block the pancreas, making it hard for the body to digest food and absorb nutrients.
  • It can also affect other organs, like the liver.

There is no cure yet, but there are lots of treatments that help:

  • Medicines to thin mucus
  • Special breathing exercises
  • Enzyme tablets to help digest food
  • Newer treatments that help the faulty gene work better

Because of these treatments, many people with CF now live much longer healthier lives, often into adulthood.

Symptoms and treatment for cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a condition that some people are born with. It happens because a special gene in their body doesn’t work the way it should.

This gene problem makes the body create thick, sticky mucus instead of the thin, slippery kind that everyone needs. Because the mucus is too thick:

  • In the lungs, it can block airways, making it harder to breathe and causing infections.
  • In the digestive system, it can block the pancreas, making it hard for the body to digest food and absorb nutrients.
  • It can also affect other organs, like the liver.

There is no cure yet, but there are lots of treatments that help:

  • Medicines to thin mucus
  • Special breathing exercises
  • Enzyme tablets to help digest food
  • Newer treatments that help the faulty gene work better

Because of these treatments, many people with CF now live much longer healthier lives, often into adulthood.

Symptoms and treatment for cystic fibrosis

Epilepsy is a long‑term condition that affects the brain and causes repeated seizures.
Seizures happen when there is a sudden burst of unusual electrical activity in the brain. This can briefly affect how a person moves, feels, behaves, or stays aware of what’s happening around them.

A person is usually diagnosed with epilepsy if they have two or more seizures that aren’t caused by another clear reason (like illness or injury). Seizures can look different from person to person — some may involve staring and stopping what they’re doing for a few seconds, while others may cause shaking or loss of consciousness.

Many people with epilepsy are able to manage their symptoms well with treatment, but the condition can affect everyone differently.

Symptoms and treatment for epilepsy

Epilepsy is a long‑term condition that affects the brain and causes repeated seizures.
Seizures happen when there is a sudden burst of unusual electrical activity in the brain. This can briefly affect how a person moves, feels, behaves, or stays aware of what’s happening around them.

A person is usually diagnosed with epilepsy if they have two or more seizures that aren’t caused by another clear reason (like illness or injury). Seizures can look different from person to person — some may involve staring and stopping what they’re doing for a few seconds, while others may cause shaking or loss of consciousness.

Many people with epilepsy are able to manage their symptoms well with treatment, but the condition can affect everyone differently.

Symptoms and treatment for epilepsy

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), also called brittle bone disease, is a condition that people are born with. It happens because their bodies do not make enough collagen, or the collagen they make does not work properly. Collagen is an important protein that helps make bones strong.

Because of this, bones can break very easily, sometimes from small bumps or everyday activities.

OI affects everyone differently, but doctors can help people manage the condition and stay as healthy and safe as possible.

Symptoms and treatment for osteogenesis imperfecta 

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), also called brittle bone disease, is a condition that people are born with. It happens because their bodies do not make enough collagen, or the collagen they make does not work properly. Collagen is an important protein that helps make bones strong.

Because of this, bones can break very easily, sometimes from small bumps or everyday activities.

OI affects everyone differently, but doctors can help people manage the condition and stay as healthy and safe as possible.

Symptoms and treatment for osteogenesis imperfecta 

Once you have a clear diagnosis, you'll probably want to find out as much about the condition as you can. When researching online, look out for the Information Standard mark, which confirms that the information is reliable. Also: 

  • You can also contact condition-specific organisations for advice and guidance on your child's condition.
  • The Carers Trust helpline (0300 123 1053) can provide contact information on condition-specific referrals, plus contact details of local carers' centres that can also support you and your family. 
  • The health professional involved in your child's care may also have useful literature they can give you, so don't be shy about asking.

Once you have a clear diagnosis, you'll probably want to find out as much about the condition as you can. When researching online, look out for the Information Standard mark, which confirms that the information is reliable. Also: 

  • You can also contact condition-specific organisations for advice and guidance on your child's condition.
  • The Carers Trust helpline (0300 123 1053) can provide contact information on condition-specific referrals, plus contact details of local carers' centres that can also support you and your family. 
  • The health professional involved in your child's care may also have useful literature they can give you, so don't be shy about asking.